STD 12 function

     Function of STD 12 and STD 10

v  Showing/expressing result

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ ઘટનાનું પરિણામ દર્શાવવાનું હોય કે કોઈ બાબતનું પરિણામ રજૂ કરવાનું હોટ ત્યારે આ language function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  બે વાક્યોની વચ્ચે so/therefore/hence હોય

Ø  Sentence pattern

Ø  Too + વિશેષણ + to વાળું કિયાપદ 

The dress is too costly for me to buy	India is too large country to move in a day.
Aryan was too slow to win the race	Raj went too far to come back.
Walt Disney was too complex to be understood.	Nani was too old to walk.
Ketu is too ugly to attract anybody.	Arun was too weak to pass in exam.
The topic is too difficult to understand.	Maya is too talkative to remain silent.
Amisha: why did you get up late? Renu: I was too much tired to get up early.	Mr. Bhatt: he looks too weak to walk. Mr.Dinesh: yes, I think he should consult a physician.
Raj: why didn’t he come to school? Rohan: he got up too late to get the school bus.	A: vivek and vinod never come together. B: they are too quarrelsome to come together.
Jyoti: how is your English test ? Meera: it is too difficult to score well.	Yash: I am too tired to walk. Aarti: then, hire an auto.

Ø  વિશેષણ + enough to + ક્રિયાપદ

Ravina is bold enough to answer anybody.	My questions paper was easy enough to score better.
Shivani was bold enough to fight with gundas.	P.T. teacher is clever enough to understand students’ ideas.
Chirag  is clever enough to pass H.S.C.	This dress is good enough to be sold easily.
Pooja is tall enough to touch the shelf.	He played fast enough to score a century.
Nayan walks fast enough to get the bus.	Shiva is well prepared enough to appear in the exam.
A: how is seema behaving differently? B: seema is depressed enough to behave normally.	Renu: are you satisfied with you preparation, suketu? Suketu: yes, I read much enough to score more.

Ø  So  + વિશેષણ + that + કર્તા + can/cannot

He is so weak that he cannot pass H.S.C	They are so lazy that they will not follow you.
Mayuri was so tired that she didn’t wish to work.	This computer is so costly that I can’t buy it.
He is so ugly that he cannot attract anybody.	Ketu is so stupid that he cannot speak with gentleman.
She is so weak that she can’t run.	This dress is so costly that you cannot buy it.
Mr.patel is so honest that anybody can trust him.	Krishna reads so fast that I can’t understand it.
Raj: mayor writes slowly. Purvesh: yes he writes so slowly that he can’t complete his paper in time.	Pavani: why did uncle not attend my birthday party, daddy? Father: uncle was so busy that he couldn’t attend the birthday party.
Twisha: why didn’t you do it? Shreya: it was so difficult that I can’t do it.	Parul: haven’t you taken you taken this tea yet? Vipul: tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.

Ø  Such (a/an) + noun + that + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ

Ø  Such(a/an) + વિશેષણ + noun + that + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ  

Disney walt was such a complex man that nobody understood his actions.	Disney land is such a beautiful place that we like to visit.
Love is such a powerful feeling that it can change a person.	Hitesh had such a camera that nobody can handle it.
Kavya: what do you think about new syllabus? Aradhna: it is such a complex syllabus that none can follow it in time limit.

v  Talking about people/place/thing in relation in relation to something

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ વ્યક્તિ ,કોઈ સ્થળ કે વસ્તુને ચોક્કસ બાબત સાથેના સંબધ સાથે રજૂ કરતાં હોય ત્યારે આ language functions નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  Such…………….as , the same ……..as, almost the same….., like/alike/unlike, similar to…/ differs, differ from

Ø  Sentence pattern:

Ø  Such(a,an) + noun+ as + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ

Ø  Such + noun + વિશેષણ + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ

Ø  The same + noun + as + કર્તા + બાકીનું વાક્ય

Ø  Like/unlike/different from વગેરે શબ્દો સાથે સંબધની બાબત મૂકવી. દા .ત like ajay, ami is clever. , his school is different from mine.

Like gandhiji, sardar patel believed in non-violence.	Our views are quite alike.
I bought the same pen as you gave me yesterday.	He is such a man as you are told to meet.
Unlike sunil, kohli plays fast.	Suchitra’s new dress is similar to that of mine.
I bought the same book as you have.	My voice is similar to the voice of sonu nigam.
Like Krishna I get up late.	Unlike shohan, Mohan speaks English fluently.
Shima got the same award as mansi received last year.	Mr. vyas is such an honest teacher as everybody likes to admire.
A: which car will you buy? B: I will buy the same car as Mr. ronak prajapati has.	Mayor: vina is such a clever girl as you have neverseen. Rajneesh: yes, she is very clever

v  Expressing manner of an actions

Ø  જ્યારે એક વ્યક્તિ બીજી વ્યક્તિ ની જેમ કોઈ કાર્ય/ ક્રિયા કર્તા હોય ત્યારે તે ક્રિયાની રીત રજૂ કરવા માટે આ language functions નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  As, like

Ø  Sentence pattern

Ø  As + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ

Nana speaks as nani spoke.	He plays like sachin.
Ami drew pictures as I taught her.	She dances as hema malini performs on the stage.
Nana became ready to go as nani ordered him.	Dr kamble asked questions to nana as his friend instructed.
A: he eats too much. B: he eats as bheem eats.	A: look, how does our naniji eat? B: yes, she eats as a child eats.

v  Making supposition of an action

Ø  જ્યારે એક વ્યક્તિ અન્ય કોઈ વ્યક્તિની જેમ કાર્ય/ક્રિયા કરે છે. તેવી ધારણા રજૂ કરવાની હોય ત્યારે તે બાબતને રજૂ કરવા માટે આ language functions નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  As if, as though

Ø  Sentence pattern

Ø  As though/ as if  + કર્તા (I/he/she) + were + કર્તા  

Ø  As though/ as if + કર્તા + had + p.p +…….

He speaks as if he were amitabh.	She screamed as if she had seen a dreadful dream.
Deepika acts as if she were madhuri.	He speaks as if he were a superstar.
Helen keller speaks as if she were a politician.	Nilesh bats as if he were lara.
He behaves as if he were a doctor.	Vijay teaches as if he were real teacher.
A: How does he entre in the class? B: he enters as if he were shivaji.	Himalay: samir is not a good singer. Anil: samir sings as if he were kishor kumar.

v  Doer not important/ describing process (passive construction)

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ વાક્ય રજૂ કરતી વખતે તે વાક્યમાં કર્તા દર્શાવવો જરૂરી ન હોય ત્યારે .

Ø  જયારે કર્તા કરતાં ક્રિયા વધારે મહત્વની છે તેમ દર્શાવવું હોય ત્યારે

Ø  જયારે કોઈ વસ્તુ બનાવવાની process દર્શાવવી હોય ત્યારે

Ø  Passive વાક્ય રચના દર્શાવતા વિવિધ forms દ્વ્રારા આ function ને રજૂ કરી શકાય.

Am/is/are + p.p	Was/were + being + p.p
Was/were + p.p	Modal auxi. + be + p.p
Have/has/had/having + been + p.p	Modal + have + been + p.p
Am/is/are + being + p.p

Ø  Pattern

The much is won second time.	Ignorance is befooled everywhere.
The arjun was given to dhoni last year.	Coffee is made with milk.
Red colour is added with yellow colour.	Twenty terrorists were killed in J & k.
Teacher: how was he punished? Student: he was sent to the jail.	Teacher: where are driver ants found? Student: driver ants are found in Africa.

v  Connecting information (use of conjunction/connectors)

Ø  એક કરતાં વધારે વાકયોમાં રજૂ કરવામાં આવેલી માહિતીને ચોક્કસ conjunctions/connectors(સંયોજકો) દ્રારા જોડીને એક અર્થપૂણ વાક્ય દ્રારા રજૂ કરવા માટે આ function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  And, as well as, but, yet, still, or, either…or, neither….nor,

Ø  Who, whose, whom, which, how, where, when, why, what, because, since, as, though, however, it, unless, so….that, such….that

Ø  In spite of, instead of, because of, on account of, due to, owing to, in search of

In spite of hard work, he has not scored well.	Either modiji or rahulji will be our next prime minister.
Not only ram but also shyam goes to temple even dawn.	Dhoni won the toss and elected to bat.
Our teacher suggested not only to read but also to write.	Both the student and teacher are happy.
Twisha: why do you go to school  Shreya: I go to school because I want to be creative	A: what did he believe? B: he believed that English is an easy language.

  

v  Reporting (indirect narration)

Ø  જયારે કોઈ ઘટનાની રજૂઆત કરવી હોય. , જ્યારે કોઈ ઘટના/બાબત અંગેની માહિતી આપવી હોય, કોઈ પ્રસંગ, ઘટના અંગેનો અહેવાલ રજૂ કરવાનો હોય, કોઈ બાબતને સમાચાર સ્વરૂપે રજૂ કરવી હોય ત્યારે

They interviewer asked me how i had trapped that monkey.	Raja told mukesh that he was busy.
Vina asked sunil if he was tired.	The manager asked me if I was late.
Mira told asha that she did not help her.	The police said that the criminal would be soon arrested.
Krishna: what did they ask you? Sanjana: they asked me why I was late.	Interviewer: how did PM motivate you? Kohli: the PM wished us good luck.
Teacher: what did your father request the principle. Student: my father requested the principle to take my re test.	A: what did the traffic police order? B: the traffic police ordered to stop when the red signal was on.

v  Expressing(showing) condition/expressing condition in the past:

Ø  જ્યારે આપણે વર્તમાન કાળને તેમજ ભવિષ્કાળને અનુલક્ષીને કોઈ condition દર્શાવતા હોઈએ ત્યારે expressing condition નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  If + સાદા વર્તમાનકાળનું વિધાન + પાછળનું વિધાન સાદા ભવિષ્યકાળનું

Ø  Unless + સાદો વર્તમાનકાળ + પાછળનું વિધાન સાદા ભવિષ્યકાળનું-

Ø  Or, and

Ø   If /unless + પૂર્ણ ભૂતકાળ + પાછળનું વિધાન perfect modal auxiliary નું

Ø  If + કર્તા + had + P.P કર્તા + modal + have + P.P

Ø   સાદો વર્તમાનકાળ + સાદો ભવિષ્યકાલ

If you select me, I will serve you.	Come on time or leave the job.
If you help, I will help you.	Work hard otherwise you will fail.
If mr.white had not wished for money, his son would not have died.	If you are there, I will follow you.
If you had come here, I will inform your paper.	If you go there, I will meet you.
If BJP had not won, rahul gadhi would have become P.M of india.
Prachi: could you play the match yesterday? Shlok: if she had asked me, I would have helped her.	If dhoni had won the world-cup second time, he would have been captain.

v  Comparing people/place /thing in relation to something :

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ વ્યક્તિ/વ્યક્તિઓ સ્થળ બાબતની તુલના અન્ય વ્યક્તિ કે વ્યક્તિઓ / સ્થળ/ બાબત સાથે કરવાની હોય ત્યારે આ function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  As …… as , so…..as, one of the-est, very few, no other..so..as, -er than any other , - er than most other

Ø  Superlative degree

Ø  કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + one of the –est + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + the –est + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  Comparative degree

Ø  કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + વિશેષણ er than most other + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + વિશેષણ er than any other + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + વિશેષણ + er than + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  Positive degree

Ø  Very few + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ +as........અસ + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + as..........as + બીજો કર્તા

Ø  No other + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + so.....as + બીજો કર્તા 

Mira is as tall as Maya.	Sweta is taller than jaya.
Very few countries are as large as India.	India is one of the largest countries.
No other river is so holy as the ganga.	Computer is one of the most useful inventions.
Very few boys are as clever as Krishna.	Arpit played better than ajay.
A: who wins the game? Why? B: raja plays better than others so he win the game.	A: why didn’t you buy that car? B: this is the costliest car.

v  Showing/expressing contrast:

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ બે વિરોધી બાબતોને એક વિધાનમાં રજૂ કરવી હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.  

Ø  But, yet, still, though, although, even if, however, as, in spite of , despite

Ø  Though + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ + કર્મ + બાકીનું વાક્ય  

Ø  However + વિશેષણ + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ બાકીનું વાકય

Ø  વિશેષણ + as + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ   

Though there are holidays, we decide not to stay there.	He earns less but he is happy.
However honest mr. raval is, he is not appreciated.	Though he is clever, he cannot pass B.A.
In spite of his hard work, he is very poor.	Inspite of being rich, he lived a very simple life.
A: ajay is weak. B: he is weak but he can runfast.	Prachi: you are weak, you cannot carry this bef? Yug: inspite of my weakness, I can carry this begs?

v  Offering suggestion/ advice :

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ વ્યક્તિ/વ્યક્તિઓને કોઈ બાબતની સલાહ કે સૂચન કરવું હોય ત્યારે આ Function ઉપયોગ થાય છે.  

Ø  Should , ought to, had better

Ø  Should + ક્રિયાપદનું મૂળરૂપ

Ø  Ought to + ક્રિયાપદનું મૂળરૂપ

Ø  Had  better +  ક્રિયાપદનું મૂળરૂપ

He should read more to get good result.	You are sick. You should take rest.
He wants to go England; he had better join IELTS classes.	He speaks well; he should be a public speaker.
Our teacher can’t speak loudly. He had better use loudspeaker.	Mr. bhatt is ill. He ought to consult the doctor.-
Student: sir, I am weak in science. Teacher: you had better join arts faculty.	A customer: my car is not working. A foreman: you should maintain your car properly.

v  Expressing choice

Ø  વ્યક્તિની કોઈ ઈચ્છા વ્યક્ત કરવા માટે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.  

Ø  Would rather…than

Ø   કર્તા + would rather + ક્રિયાપદનું મૂળરૂપ

I would rather walk than go by car with my brother.	Ravina would rather join navy.
I am tired; I would rather rest than walk here and there.	Vimal would rather speak English than write it.
I would rather like to be a professor than a teacher.	I am late. I would rather than taxi than go by auto.
I don’t like to travel by a bus. I would rather travel by a car than go there by a bus.	Jay: I am very weak in English; I will not get this job. Ami: you would rather improve English than waste your time.

v  Expressing alternative choice

Ø  જ્યારે વ્યક્તિ તેને દર્શાવવામાં આવેલી બે માથી એક અથવા બે માથી એક પણ ન હોય તેવી પાસદંગીની રજૂઆત કરવા માંગતા હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.  

Ø  Either….or(બે માથી એક), neither….nor (બે માથી એક પણ નહીં), either, neither

Ø  Either + શબ્દ/શબ્દ સમૂહ/વાક્ય + or + શબ્દ/શબ્દ સમૂહ/વાક્ય

Ø  Neither + શબ્દ/શબ્દ સમૂહ/વાક્ય + nor + શબ્દ/શબ્દ સમૂહ/વાક્ય

Either krupa or archana will accompany you.	It is neither costly nor cheap. I mean it is affordable to all.
I will call either raju or nitu.	My friend will go either to ambaji or to abu.
He is ill, he will neither eat ice cream nor have soft drink.	Ronak could neither sing a song nor dance.
We generally go to school either on bicycle or on foot.	Jigar will buy either a bike or a car.
A passenger: when will this bus reach at delhi? A traveler: either at 10 or at 11.	Ankita: what have you planned for the next vacation? Sunita: we will visit either Kashmir or kerala in the next vac.

v  Expressing habitual action in past / talking about distant past.

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ વ્યક્તિ તેની ભૂતકાળની રોજની ક્રિયા કે ટેવ રૂપે થતી ક્રિયા દર્શાવવા માંગતી હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  Used to

Gadhiji used to get up early in the morning.	Amitabh used to wear kurta in his college days.
In those days, they used to come late in school.	My grandfather used to give us chocolates.
In his childhood, he used to play hide and seek.	Yash used to speak very fast.
Interviewer: how did you work there? Candidate: I used to work for the benefit of my country.	Manager: where did you work before? Clerk: I used to work in the government.
A: what was her hobby? B: she used to paint in her freetime.	Shivani: how could you get fluency in English, sir? Teacher: I used to speak in English with my friends and relatives.

v  Showing purpose

Ø  જ્યારે વ્યક્તિ કોઈ કાર્ય/ક્રિયા કરવા માટે પોતાનો હેતુ/ ઇરાદો વ્યક્ત કરે ત્યારે તે હેતુ/ઉદેશ્ય રજૂ કરવા માટે આ  Function ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  So that, with a view to, in order to, in order  that, for, to

Ø  So that / in order that + કર્તા  + modal auxiliary + ક્રિયાપદનું મૂળરૂપ + કર્મ

Ø  With a view to + ing વાળું રૂપ

Ø  In order to + મૂળરૂપ

He joined army in order to serve the nation.	I walked fast in order to reach early.
Ami worked hard for getting a good job.	Don’t smoke in order that you may live long.
We eat in order that we may live.	Shital works hard with view to becoming rich.
Mira: you are on leave why? Ritu: I am on leave in order to help my mother.	Manager: why do you save money? Clerk: I save money with a view to helping my family.
A: why do you read? B:I read in order to get knowledge.	Kavita: why do you want to go to Mumbai? Sanjay: I want to go to Mumbai so that I can meet amitabh banchan.

v  Describing a person/ a thing

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ વ્યક્તિનું/વસ્તુનું વર્ણન કરવું હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  Who, whose, whom, which,

Ø  Who + ક્રિયાપદ

Ø  Whom + નામ/સર્વનામ

Ø  Whose + કર્તા સાથે સંબધ ધરાવતું નામ

This is an album in which your photographs are published.	Nishant is the boy who got the first prize.
He is my teacher whom I met yesterday.	Do you know the person who is living here?
Chetana got my message which I sent yesterday.	It is porbandar where gadhiji was born.
Poojan: dr.chaudhary is an honest doctor. Priya: yes, he is the doctor whom everybody trusts.	Sweta: do you know chetan bhagat? Sriya: yes, he is writer whose books are very famous.
Mayor: have you read gunvant shah? Mayuri: yes, he is a writer whose articles are famous.	Kiran: where does ami live? Kripa: ami lives in the house of mr. raval as a guest who is a doctor.

v  Describing a place / talking about a place

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈ સ્થળનું વર્ણન કરવાનું હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ કરવામાં આવે છે.  

Ø  Where, wherever

Ø  સ્થળ + where + કર્તા + ક્રિયાપદ

Park your scooter wherever you find the place.	I will come wherever you call.
She makes friends wherever she goes.	Don’t go where there is pollution.
Wherever you go you will get the best wishes.	Students went where the teacher went.
Ketan: I haven’t visited delhi yet. Kiran : delhi is the place where you can see many foreigners.	Romesh: where were you yesterday? Vyomesh: I visited gir forest yesterday where we saw many lions.

v  Describing time/ talking about time

Ø  જ્યારે સમયને અનુલક્ષીને કોઈ વર્ણન કરવાનું હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.

Ø  When, whenever, while, till, until, before, after, since, for. As soon as/ no sooner/ hardly / scarcely

I have been waiting here since morning.	Rohan has been playing for last two hours.
It was Sunday when we met last time.	Stay here till I come.
Whenever you come, you will find me here.	As soon as the magician started show, we clapped.
Riya: when will you go USA? Maya: I will go next Monday when my friend comes from Canada.	Nirali: why do you like Sunday? Niral: because Sunday is the day when I remain free.

v  Giving /expressing / showing reason

Ø  જ્યારે કોઈક ઘટનાનું કારણ દર્શાવવું હોય ત્યારે આ Function નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે.  

Ø  Because, since, as, because of, on account of, owing to, due to

He is late because he missed the bus.	I don’t know why she is late.
Ami got first class since she worked hard.	He got first prize because of his honesty.
I advice you since you are unwell.	The river mahi is over flooded as it rains heavily.
Sima: why are you late? Sheetal: I am late because I had some work.	Mira: why as he dismissed? Maya: as he was irregular, he was dismissed.